view of justification anticipates that of Martin Luther’s. While some propose a close affinity, others, such as McGrath, emphasize an important distinction: Augustine has an all-embracing transformative understanding of justification, which includes both the event of justification (brought about by operative grace) and the process of justification (brought about by cooperative grace). Augustine himself does not, in fact, see any need to distinguish between these two aspects of justification; the
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